Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. The disease is characterized by the generation of dopamine-producing neurons present in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra. Dopamine is a vital neurotransmitter that helps in transmitting signals in the brain to coordinate movement.

If these neurons deteriorate, the dopamine level decreases, leading to the motor symptoms commonly associated with the disease.

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease:

A combination of motor and non-motor symptoms marks Parkinson's disease. The motor symptoms include tremors, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity, and postural instability.

The non-motor symptoms are cognitive changes, mood disorders, sleep disturbances, and autonomic dysfunctions.

Motor Symptoms:

Tremor: One of the first noticeable symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, tremor starts in one hand or arm and can spread to other parts of the body.

Bradykinesia (Slowness of movement): The signs are marked as slowness in voluntary movement, and this is a significant cause of disability in Parkinson’s disease. Patients may have difficulty initiating movement and may exhibit a reduction in spontaneous movements, such as arm swinging while walking.

Rigidity: Muscle stiffness is another core symptom, affecting the limbs and trunk. It can cause discomfort and limit the range of motion.

Postural Instability: This symptom often develops in the later stages of Parkinson’s disease and contributes to a higher risk of falls. It involves problems with balance and coordination.

Non-Motor Symptoms:

Patients with Parkinson’s disease experience cognitive decline, which can progress to dementia in the later stages. This affects memory, executive functions, and the ability to plan and execute tasks.

Mood Disorders: Depression and anxiety are common in Parkinson’s disease, significantly impacting the quality of life. These symptoms may result from both the neurochemical changes in the brain and the psychological burden of living with a chronic illness.

Sleep Disorders: Insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and REM sleep behavior disorder (acting out dreams) are prevalent among PD patients.

Autonomic Dysfunction: This can include a variety of symptoms such as constipation, orthostatic hypotension (a drop in blood pressure when standing up), and urinary problems.

Stages of Parkinson’s Disease:

There are five stages in Parkinson’s disease:

●     In stage 1, patients can have mild symptoms that typically only affect one side of the body. They might experience minor tremors and slight changes in posture, walking, and facial expressions.

●     In stage 2, patients start to experience effects on both sides of the body, although balance remains intact. There is a noticeable slowing of movements and increased muscle stiffness.

●     In stage 3, balance is now compromised, leading to a higher risk of falls. Patients are still fully independent in their daily living activities but experience significant movement difficulties.

●     At stage 4, symptoms are severe and disabling. While patients can still walk and stand unassisted, they require substantial help with daily activities.

●     In the last stage, patients are typically bedridden or use a wheelchair. They need around-the-clock care for all activities.

Causes of Parkinson’s disease:

The exact cause of this disease is unknown, but it is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Several genes have been linked to familial forms of the disease, and exposure to certain toxins and heavy metals has been implicated in its development.

Treatment of Parkinson’s disease:

Presently, there is no specific test to diagnose Parkinson’s disease. It is primarily based on medical history and neurological examination. One technique used to diagnose Parkinson’s is DaTscan, which shows the diagnosis by showing reduced dopamine transporter levels.

With proper consultation, medications for Parkinson’s disease help tackle the symptoms. Another way to diagnose is surgical treatment, which involves implanting electrodes in specific areas of the brain. It can significantly reduce motor symptoms in patients who do not respond well to medication. Exercise and physical therapy are vital components of managing Parkinson’s Disease. They help maintain mobility, improve balance, and reduce stiffness.

Summary: 

Parkinson's disease is a complex and multifaceted condition that impacts millions of lives worldwide. Understanding its symptoms, progression, and management strategies is essential for patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers.